The case file
Planet IOU
A small tour of some very large debts.
- Running time
- About twelve minutes of scrolling, mostly looking, by our own reckoning.
- Afterwards
- A yard sale, which is optional. An hour or more.
- Sound
- Off unless you ask.
An arrow points to the one-dollar slip on the desk. As the page scrolls, the paperweight lifts and the slip slides out, then returns beneath it. The slip keeps its measured area. Reduced motion shows the still slip and its pointer.
The case file
CoverPlanet IOU
A small tour of some very large debts.
Example
Page 1 / 37Someone owes a dollar. There, under the paperweight.
The Paperweight
I hold things down. It is, in full, the job description.
Example
$1
Keep scrolling.
Example
Someone owes a dollar. There, under the paperweight.
The Paperweight
I hold things down. It is, in full, the job description.
Example
$1
Example
A hundred dollars, and the desk is full. At some point you started calling it your desk.
The Ledger
A hundred tiles. I can still name every one.
Example
$10
Example
$100
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
India first. Household credit on record, divided by everyone who lives there, borrowers or not. Babies count.
The Ledger
The newborns were not consulted.
Recorded
$1,200
What this counts
Recorded credit to households and the nonprofits grouped with them, divided by all residents, including children and people without borrowing. End-2025 credit is paired with a midyear population estimate, so the result is approximate. It is not a typical borrower's balance.
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
Mexico. A little over twice India. The desk is unmoved.
Recorded
$2,600
A brief history of getting carried away
Holland · Summer 1636 to early February 1637
The contract changes hands while the bulb stays in the ground.
The market broke in 1637. The story about an entire country ruined by gardening grew later. You've probably repeated it.
No numeric price benchmark is approved for this episode, and none is shown: the archival work cited here supplies no market-price series, and it rejects the familiar story of universal participation and national ruin. A promise to pay for a bulb is not the same thing as the bulb's resale price, and neither is a modern bank loan.
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
We're gonna need a bigger desk.
The Paperweight
Nobody consulted me about the extension. I hold down paper, not furniture.
Recorded
$30,800
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
South Korea comes out within three percent of Germany. Put one outline on the other and the paper barely notices.
Recorded
$31,600
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
This average spreads large mortgages across people with no loans. It doesn't ask which you are.
The Accountant
An average is a number nobody has to be.
Recorded
$61,300
A brief history of getting carried away
Quoted in US dollars · November 2021 to mid-June 2022
Somebody has changed the price tag. The coin is the same.
If you borrowed to buy it, there's still a lender to pay.
Historical
about $69,000
Historical
about $17,000
Historical
about 75%
Rounded narrative observations, not one exchange's exact daily close, and not the whole 2022 peak-to-trough history. The first figure is a peak the source names, not a representative price for that November, and the fall between the two is our own arithmetic on the source's two rounded figures rather than a decline the source states. The cited article's broader interpretation is strongly negative; it is used here for these two dated figures only, not as proof of a permanent collapse.
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
Australia. Per resident, more than a quarter above the United States, on the same paper.
Recorded
$78,700
Household credit per resident · selected economies · 2025
Switzerland is highest among the countries shown here. We chose the countries.
Recorded
$148,000
Example · multiplication exercise
A hundred copies of the Swiss estimate. You walked off and left the printer running.
The Accountant
For the record, I did not press print.
Example
$14,800,000
A brief history of getting carried away
United States · a statement about IRS tax debt · Disclosed January 2010
Nicolas Cage's IRS bill, disclosed in January 2010. A name we recognize on the paperwork.
The accountant gets top billing.
Historical
about $14,000,000
A historical, approximate, self-reported figure, attributed to a January 2010 statement and reaching us through a blog post quoting a magazine. It is not his current debt, not a verified lifetime maximum and not a record of any kind. No court filing or tax record states $14 million; the largest amount tied to actual recorded documents is about $13.3 million in federal tax liens for 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008, which is a different measure and a different set of years. In a 2023 interview he said he had paid it all back and put the total at about $6 million — his own later account of the same debt, not a second, separate one. Both numbers are his; they are thirteen years and one repayment apart, and neither is audited.
A brief history of getting carried away
United States · a bond issuance backed by music royalties · 1997
In 1997, Bowie raised money against future royalties from his music.
The accountant can leave the record on.
Historical
$55,000,000
A 1997 financing issuance, not an overdue personal bill and not a sign of financial distress. The citation is a 2002 entry on the artist's official site, which does not describe the issuance in its own words — it quotes a Q magazine piece. That is one hop further from the event than a citation normally implies, and the entry's comparison of the bonds' performance with government stock is its own claim, not adopted here. What happened next is settled and better documented than the entry: Moody's rated the issue A3 at the outset and cut it to Baa3 in March 2004, one grade above speculative, citing weaker recorded-music sales and a downgrade of the guarantor; the bonds were repaid in full at maturity in 2007. The drawn royalty notes illustrate the arrangement, not a measured cash-flow rate.
A brief history of getting carried away
Britain · 1720
A government claim goes into the exchange. A share in the South Sea Company comes out.
The company also participated in the trade in enslaved people.
No share-price endpoints and no present-day equivalent are approved for this episode, so none appear. The South Sea Company also held a right granted in 1713 to supply enslaved people to Spanish colonies; that is recorded here and in the source text, and it is not drawn. The engraving reference in the source list is a late-18th-century print after Hogarth, not an image made during the 1720 event and not evidence for any 1720 price.
Example · a new unit
A billion. The bundles come in bundles now. You gave up counting somewhere around Germany.
The Accountant
I didn't give up. I was reassigned to bundles.
Example
$1 billion
Consolidated general-government gross debt · Eurostat · Q4 2025
Estonia's government fits here. All of it, $11.8 billion: a little under twelve of the billions you just bundled.
Recorded
$12 billion
What this counts
Consolidated general-government gross Maastricht debt at face value. Original euro amounts are converted once using the adopted year-end exchange rate. This is not all debt owed by everyone in the country.
A brief history of getting carried away
London and overseas sovereign lending · 1822 to 1825
The prospectus is quite detailed about a government that doesn't exist.
Poyais was invented. The land and its inhabitants weren't.
Historical
Roughly halved
A bond is a written promise to pay that can itself be bought and sold, which is the idea this card introduces. The halving is an approximate historical generalization from the cited account, not a defined index for all London bonds and not a dated series; no numeric index observations exist for it here. It is not a principal write-off and not a recovery rate. Poyais is one swindle among many and is not the explanation of the whole crisis; the invented state is the fraud, not the land or the people said to live there.
Netherlands · a Lekdijk Bovendams water-board bond held at Yale · Issued 1648 · collection reported 2015
The water bond with an appointment
A Dutch water-board bond from 1648 was still earning interest when Yale collected a payment in 2015.
The payment record had run out of room. A paper extension made the trip; the bond stayed home in the library.
Historical
€136.20
The euro figure is an interest payment for twelve years, collected in 2015. It is not the bond's principal, not a modern market value, and it does not enter any debt scale on this site. No annual rate is claimed and no oldest-debt label is applied. The 367-year age in the source's headline describes the object in 2015 and is not a claim of uninterrupted payment through today. This is a Dutch case dated 1648 and 2015, distinct from the 1825 London episode that hosts it. The issuer was the Hoogheemraadschap Lekdijk Bovendams and the body that paid in 2015 is its successor; a different, older Lekdijk Bovendams bond of 1624 is held elsewhere and is not this one.
Issuer-reported total debt · June 30, 2026
The forklift is going to need help. You are not the help.
The Paperweight
I could be a counterweight. I'm not offering.
Recorded
$45.9 billion
What this counts
Each issuer's stated debt measure on the date shown. These are selected examples rather than an exhaustive ranking; total liabilities and net debt use different definitions.
Issuer-reported total debt · June 30, 2026
AT&T, before it subtracts its cash. After, $126 billion. It reports both, and neither is lying.
Recorded
$144 billion
A brief history of getting carried away
United States · Nasdaq Composite · 10 March 2000 to 9 October 2002
The computer still works.
That wasn't the question the share price was answering.
Historical
5,048.62 points
Historical
1,114.11 points
Historical
77.9%
Two daily closing levels of an index, measured in points. The closes are the dataset's; the percentage between them is ours, worked out on this card rather than quoted from anyone. Index points are not dollars owed, and no total dollar loss can be inferred from them. This was a decline over more than two and a half years, not a one-day crash. The series is a daily closing index, not a total-return series. Nothing here reclassifies any company's reported debt elsewhere on this site as a dot-com loss.
United States · the Paige Compositor · Late nineteenth century
The machine that gets one tiny line
Twain backed an elaborate typesetting machine. His publishing business was also in trouble.
This one has managed a word.
An unscaled historical anecdote, not a documented event and not an approved dollar balance; no figure is supplied for it. The machine was an attempt to automate typesetting. The printed word is our cartoon invention: the real device did not print it and was not an ordinary paper printer. Twain's publishing business also struggled and a later lecture tour was aimed at relieving family debts; no single cause is claimed for any of it.
Issuer-reported total debt · June 30, 2026
Verizon's total borrowing, including debt its unsecured figure leaves out. That one stops at $136 billion. This one keeps going.
Recorded
$165.231 billion
Jérôme Kerviel's enormous damages award was overturned. The later award was much smaller.
Read the footnote before ordering the forklift.
Historical
€4,900,000,000
Historical
€1,000,000
Three dated legal stages, not two. A Paris court ordered €4.9 billion in damages in 2010; the Cour de cassation quashed the civil half of that judgment on 19 March 2014, leaving the criminal conviction standing; and the Versailles appeal court, sent the civil question afresh, ordered €1 million on 23 September 2016. The middle step matters because without it the first number looks as though it survived until 2016 and was then reduced in one hearing. Nothing here states a present-day balance, what has since been paid, or a most-indebted-person record. Both amounts are euros and are not compared with the dollar company figures in the scene behind them, and neither measures ordinary borrowing.
Consolidated general-government gross debt · Eurostat · Q4 2025
Ireland's government. Three companies, then a country, and the country is bigger than any of them.
Recorded
$247 billion
What this counts
Consolidated general-government gross Maastricht debt at face value. Original euro amounts are converted once using the adopted year-end exchange rate. This is not all debt owed by everyone in the country.
A brief history of getting carried away
Global · the five largest big-tech companies, as described in the source · 2025–2026 spending plans · reviewed 13 September 2026
The next rack is still on paper.
Still open
more than $1 trillion
This entry is unresolved and stays unresolved. The spending figure is an attributed, forward-looking two-year plan stated in a speech dated 10 September 2026; it is not an outstanding debt balance, not a valuation, and not a claim that the money has already been spent. The separate January 2026 bulletin's risk assessment is dated to January and is not an updated September measurement or a guarantee of any outcome. No crash is predicted here, and neither is a payoff. Reviewed 13 September 2026.
U.S. household balances · New York Fed · Q2 2026
U.S. credit-card balances, including bills that aren't overdue. Somewhere in here is a sandwich nobody remembers buying.
The Ledger
I remember the sandwich. I remember all of them.
Recorded
$1.263 trillion
What this counts
National outstanding credit-report balances under the New York Fed framework. These categories share a date and can be assembled into their reported total. They are not the components of the different BIS U.S. household figure.
U.S. household balances · New York Fed · Q2 2026
U.S. student loans, still outstanding. Graduation took an afternoon. This takes longer.
Recorded
$1.651 trillion
Consolidated general-government gross debt · Eurostat · Q4 2025
Germany, second appearance. The borrower this time has a flag.
Recorded
$3.335 trillion
What this counts
Consolidated general-government gross Maastricht debt at face value. Original euro amounts are converted once using the adopted year-end exchange rate. This is not all debt owed by everyone in the country.
Consolidated general-government gross debt · Eurostat · Q4 2025
France's government owes more than Germany's. Nobody signed up for that contest.
Recorded
$4.066 trillion
U.S. household balances · New York Fed · Q2 2026
Now the mortgages. You may be standing in one.
The Accountant
I'd like to count the mortgages twice. For emphasis.
Recorded
$13.117 trillion
What this counts
National outstanding credit-report balances under the New York Fed framework. These categories share a date and can be assembled into their reported total. They are not the components of the different BIS U.S. household figure.
A brief history of getting carried away
United States · Housing expansion through the 2000s; mortgage crisis from 2007
Nobody touched the house. It's worth less anyway.
In this example, selling it wouldn't cover the loan.
The $100 / $80 / $70 figures are an arithmetic illustration written for this card, not observations and not a figure from the cited source. There is no claim that U.S. homes fell exactly 30%, and this is not a foreclosure or recovery model. Not all mortgage lending was subprime, and the crisis had no single cause. The loan is held fixed by construction.
U.S. household balances · New York Fed · Q2 2026
The cards, student loans and mortgages were already in this total. You've seen them twice. It counts them once.
The Ledger
Every balance goes in once. It is my one rule, and I enjoy it.
Sum
$18.771 trillion
U.S. federal gross debt · September 30, 2025
The U.S. federal government's bill needs a longer receipt. You hold one end. The other end is somewhere past the desk.
Recorded
about $37.6 trillion
What this counts
Federal gross debt, including holdings within the government and debt held by the public. Its perimeter differs from the European general-government comparisons.
IMF global debt benchmark · 2024
Every government at once, in the IMF's 2024 figures. A small Earth has wandered into the picture.
Recorded
$99.2 trillion
What this counts
IMF public and private nonfinancial debt for 2024. A separate financial-sector layer and other obligations outside that scope are excluded. The figure comes from the global dataset, not the sum of this tour's examples.
IMF global debt benchmark · 2024
Households and nonfinancial businesses owe the other part. That's you again, and the shop on the corner.
Recorded
$151.8 trillion
Global public and private nonfinancial debt · 2024
The number was already true on page one. All that changed is how much desk it takes to show you.
The Paperweight
I was holding down one dollar. The rest was in the next room.
Sum
$251 trillion
Every IOU has a creditor
The same total, drawn again from the other side. Every tile is a trillion dollars somebody is owed, and no tile says who.
Recorded
$251 trillion
Whoever holds the claim gets paid. You look around. They're here somewhere.
Borrower and lender share a planet. They don't share an account.
Fictional epilogue
The desk goes outside. The sign goes up. The ledger stays open at the total.
Somebody arrives, reads the ledger, and stamps their own clipboard. An internal matter, apparently.
They pick up the paperweight. It has a tag on it now. It says make an offer.
You point at the tag. They copy the ledger's total onto a note, all fifteen digits.
You take the note. They take the paperweight. No money changes hands, in either direction.
You open the note beside the ledger and look up. The ship is already leaving.
Example
A small tour of some very large debts. About twelve minutes of scrolling, mostly looking, by our own reckoning. A yard sale, which is optional. An hour or more.
Someone owes a dollar. There, under the paperweight.
Example
$1